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An article processing charge (APC), also known as a publication fee, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors in order to publish an article in an academic journal. It is common in open access journals (hybrid or fully open) as well as in fully closed journals.〔Richard Van Noorden, "Open access: The true cost of science publishing", ''Nature'' 495, 426–429 (28 March 2013) doi:10.1038/495426a ()〕 This fee is usually paid by an author's institution or research funder rather than by the author themselves. It may be waived in cases of hardship.〔 ==Usage== Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs, such as subsidies from institutions and subscriptions. A majority of open access journals do not charge article processing charges, but a significant and growing number of them do. They are the most common funding method for professionally published open access articles. Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $100 to over $3,000.〔 High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in a hybrid open access journal, which make an individual article in a subscription journal open access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open access publishers. Journals with high impact factors from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs.〔 Many open access publishers, such as PLOS, waive their APCs for those who cannot afford to pay them.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.plos.org/publish/pricing-policy/publication-fees/ )〕 Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to a closed-access APC; for example the ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' regularly charges $1,700 per article, with a surcharge of $1,350 for open-access.〔PNAS, (Procedures for Submitting Manuscripts )〕 Similarly, AGU's ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' charges $1000 for closed-access and $3500 for open-access.〔(American Geophysical Union publication fee table )〕 Even when publishers do not charge standard fees, excess or overlength fees might still apply after a certain number of pages or publication units is exceeded;〔 additional fees might exist for color figures,〔 primarily for print journals that are not online-only. While publication charges occur upon article acceptance, article submission fees are charged prior to the start of peer review; they are not uncommon among journals in, e.g., finance and economics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/jfees.html )〕 Page charge may refer to either publication or submission fees. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「article processing charge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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